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	<title>Fire &amp; Explosions Archives - Hawkins Forensic Investigation</title>
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	<title>Fire &amp; Explosions Archives - Hawkins Forensic Investigation</title>
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		<title>Lucy Pinkard Presents and Publishes in Airmic News</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/news/lucy-pinkard-airmic-news/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 10:29:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=news&#038;p=46298</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Lucy Pinkard presents to and publishes in Airmic News on Lithium-Ion Battery Fires.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/lucy-pinkard-airmic-news/">Lucy Pinkard Presents and Publishes in Airmic News</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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									<p>Fire and explosions specialist <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/lucy-pinkard/">Lucy Pinkard</a> was invited to present at the Airmic Island of Ireland Lunch &amp; Learn, where she explored the growing risks posed by lithium‑ion batteries. Her session generated strong interest from attendees keen to understand the science behind these increasingly common devices. Following the event, Lucy expanded on her insights in a published article in <em>Airmic News</em>, offering a clear and accessible explanation of why lithium-ion‑ batteries present such complex challenges for risk professionals.</p><p>In her article, Lucy explains that lithium-ion batteries are now embedded in everyday life, powering everything from mobile phones and laptops to electric vehicles, e-bikes and e-scooters. Their high energy density makes them efficient but also potentially hazardous. She describes the phenomenon of thermal runaway, the self-heating process that can cause batteries to vent flammable gases, ignite, explode or release toxic byproducts such as hydrogen fluoride. These incidents, she notes, can result not only from manufacturing defects or design flaws, but also from environmental stress, incompatible chargers, DIY modifications and poor-quality components.</p><p>Lucy highlights the dramatic rise in fires linked to personal light electric vehicles (such as e-bikes and e-scooters), referencing data from the Office for Product Safety Standards and the significant increase in callouts recorded by the London Fire Brigade. She also underscores the challenges investigators face when examining fires involving lithium‑ion cells, as battery components can be projected across rooms and secondary fires may obscure the original source of ignition.</p><p>Her article stresses that the risk landscape is evolving quickly. She encourages risk professionals to take a proactive approach: identifying hazards early, ensuring that claims and investigations draw on specialist forensic expertise, promoting safe storage and charging practices, monitoring regulatory developments and incorporating battery risks into wider crisis planning. She also notes the potential for deliberate misuse, adding another layer of concern for organisations.</p><p>Lucy is an Associate Forensic Investigator and a specialist in<a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/fire-explosions/"> fire and explosion</a> investigation, with a background spanning forensic science, policing and academia. She began her career as an Analytical Scientist, before joining Avon and Somerset Constabulary as a Crime Scene Investigator, DNA Laboratory Analyst and Crime Scene Manager, working on major incidents, high-profile cases and arson investigations, and earning a Police commendation. She later completed a Masters in the Forensic Investigation of Explosives and Explosions at Cranfield University, focusing on lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. Lucy now lectures and trains investigators in fire and crime scene disciplines while supporting the development of future forensic scientists. She has investigated a wide range of domestic and commercial fires and is based in Hawkins’ Bristol office.</p><p>You can read Lucy&#8217;s article on page’s <a href="https://publuu.com/flip-book/911545/2283214/page/14">27-28 in Airmic News Vol.06</a></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/lucy-pinkard-airmic-news/">Lucy Pinkard Presents and Publishes in Airmic News</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Hawkins International Webinar Series</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/news/hawkins-international-webinars/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 15:53:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=news&#038;p=45895</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>We bring you details of our upcoming webinars in our new international series, including material, mechanical and lithium-ion battery failures, bridge forensics and indoor climbing risk.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/hawkins-international-webinars/">Hawkins International Webinar Series</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="45895" class="elementor elementor-45895" data-elementor-post-type="news">
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									<p>From April to June 2026, join experts from across Hawkins as they host our International Webinar Series, featuring specialists from our global office locations.</p><p>This series covers a wide range of topics, including material and mechanical failures, lithium‑ion batteries, bridge forensics, bolted connection failures, and risk in indoor climbing.</p><p>For webinar details and to register, please see below.</p><p>If you would like further information on each webinar before registering, simply click on the titles. Our <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/?_sft_event_category=upcoming">events </a>page provides details of other Hawkins events that you may find of interest.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/forensic-investigation-of-materials-and-mechanical-failures-in-mena/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">Forensic Investigation of Materials and  Mechanical Failures in MENA</span></a></h4><p>Presented by Dr <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/tom-peat/">Tom Peat</a></p><p>Thursday 16th April 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>Mechanical Engineer Dr Tom Peat will explore Hawkins’ forensic investigation capabilities across the Middle East and North Africa, with a particular focus on materials and mechanical failures relevant to legal disputes and insurance claims. He will outline how metallurgical analysis, failure reconstruction, and engineering forensics are applied to determine causation and support liability assessments within the energy, infrastructure, and industrial sectors.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/an-introduction-to-bridge-forensics/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">An Introduction to Bridge Forensics</span></a></h4><p>Presented by<a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/eng-phin/"> Eng Phin</a></p><p>Thursday 30th April 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>In this webinar, Structural Engineer Eng Phin introduces the fundamentals of bridge forensics, with a focus on pre‑stressed concrete (PSC) bridges &#8211; one of the most common bridge types in Hong Kong and worldwide. The session covers key topics including structural systems, failure modes, and common investigation techniques.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/bolted-connections-failures/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">A Bolt From the Blue:</span></a> <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/bolted-connections-failures/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">Why Bolted Connections Can Unexpectedly Fail</span></a></h4><p>Presented by <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/patrick-walsh/">Patrick Walsh</a></p><p>Thursday 14th May 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>Civil Engineer Patrick Walsh will examine the most frequent design and installation errors in bolted connections that can lead to unexpected failures. The session will highlight how issues such as incorrect surface preparation, improper bolt pre‑tensioning, and misunderstandings of bolt behaviour can significantly increase the risk of structural failure.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/lithium-ion-batteries-chemistries-failure-mechanisms-fire-risk-mitigation/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">Lithium Ion Batteries: Chemistries, Failures and Fire</span></a></h4><p>Presented by <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/david-reid-rowland/">David Reid Rowland</a></p><p>Thursday 28th May 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>In this webinar, mechanical engineer and forensic expert David Reid Rowland draws on two decades of investigative experience to demystify how lithium ion batteries work, why they fail, and what makes their fires so destructive and difficult to extinguish. He also explores real-world examples involving consumer products, marine cargo, and electric vehicles, highlighting the importance of regulation, protective systems, and safe handling practices.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/mechanical-system-failures/"><span style="color: #0a527a;">Forensic Insights: Uncovering Failures in Mechanical Systems</span></a></h4><p>Presented by <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/albert-law/">Albert Law </a></p><p>Thursday 11th June 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>In this webinar, Mechanical Engineer Albert Law explores the forensic engineering approach applied to mechanical systems such as air‑conditioning units, pumping systems, fans, and other mechanical equipment. Attendees will gain an understanding of how mechanical failures are investigated, the methodologies used to identify root causes, and the role of forensic analysis in improving system reliability and safety.</p>								</div>
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									<h4><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/climbing-risk-and-failures/">Climbing: Lets Tie in &amp; Consider the Risks</a></h4><p>Presented by <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/jason-buchwitz/">Jason Buchwitz</a></p><p>Thursday 25th June 2026 at 9.30am BST</p><p>In this presentation, Materials Engineer Jason Buchwitz will explore the construction and characteristics of indoor climbing walls, review trends in climbing-related accidents, and examine existing risk reduction measures, while considering which risks are unavoidable elements of the sport.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0a527a;"><strong>We look forward to presenting to you.</strong></span></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/hawkins-international-webinars/">Hawkins International Webinar Series</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Lithium-Ion Batteries: Chemistries, Failures &#038; Fires</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/events/lithium-ion-batteries-chemistries-failure-mechanisms-fire-risk-mitigation/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 14:51:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=event&#038;p=45588</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>David Reid Rowland explains how lithium ion batteries fail, why their fires are so destructive, and what real world cases reveal about risks and safety measures.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/lithium-ion-batteries-chemistries-failure-mechanisms-fire-risk-mitigation/">Lithium-Ion Batteries: Chemistries, Failures &#038; Fires</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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<p>Lithium ion batteries power everything from everyday electronics to e bikes, electric vehicles, and large scale energy storage systems, but with their increasing use comes a growing fire risk. In this webinar, mechanical engineer and forensic expert <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/david-reid-rowland/">David Reid Rowland</a> draws on two decades of investigative experience to demystify how lithium ion batteries work, why they fail, and what makes their fires so destructive and difficult to extinguish.</p>
<p>Attendees will gain a clear understanding of:</p>
<p>&#8211; Thermal runaway<br>&#8211; The influence of battery chemistry and design<br>&#8211; Common causes of failure (from manufacturing defects to improper charging)<br>&#8211; The challenges firefighters and investigators face when these high energy systems ignite</p>
<p>The session also explores real world examples involving consumer products, <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/fire-explosions/marine-fires/">marine cargo</a>, and electric vehicles, highlighting the importance of effective regulation, protective systems, and safe handling practices.</p>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/lithium-ion-batteries-chemistries-failure-mechanisms-fire-risk-mitigation/">Lithium-Ion Batteries: Chemistries, Failures &#038; Fires</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Stefano De Rosa</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/it/incontra-i-nostri-esperti/esperti-stefano-de-rosa-ingegneria-forense-cfd/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kirsten Beckwith]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 14:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=leadership&#038;p=45763</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Stefano De Rosa, laureato con lode in Ingegneria Chimica e dottore di ricerca in CFD, è un esperto di meccanica dei fluidi, modelli multifase e analisi forense, e dal 2026 supporta indagini tecniche complesse per Hawkins Italia in vari settori industriali.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/it/incontra-i-nostri-esperti/esperti-stefano-de-rosa-ingegneria-forense-cfd/">Stefano De Rosa</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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									<p>Stefano si è laureato in Ingegneria Chimica con lode all’ Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II sia alla triennale che alla magistrale. Poi ha fatto un dottorato in Ingegneria dei Prodotti e Processi Industriali presso la stessa università con una tesi in fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD). Ha ottenuto il titolo di dottore di ricerca nel 2025.</p><p>Durante il suo dottorato, Stefano ha studiato una vasta gamma di argomenti di meccanica dei fluidi (tra cui fluidi complessi, flussi multifase, combustione e deformazione di materiali sotto l’effetto di fiamme), inerenti a vari ambiti industriali. Si è occupato di modellazione, soluzione ed analisi di fenomeni complessi, sfruttando approcci differenti e investigando varie condizioni di processo, pubblicando i suoi risultati in giornali scientifici di settore.</p><p>Dopo aver completato i suoi studi, ha passato un breve periodo come ricercatore all’Università Sorbonne a Parigi, dove aveva già passato sei mesi in visita durante il suo dottorato, prima di cominciare la sua carriera da ingegnere forense.</p><p>Stefano si è unito ad Hawkins a febbraio 2026 come Associato nell’ufficio Italiano di Roma.</p>								</div>
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									<p><strong style="color: inherit; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-size ); letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-word-spacing ); background-color: initial;"><span style="color: #0a527a;">LINGUE </span></strong></p><p>Stefano parla fluentemente Italiano, Inglese, Francese e Spagnolo.</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/it/incontra-i-nostri-esperti/esperti-stefano-de-rosa-ingegneria-forense-cfd/">Stefano De Rosa</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Stefano De Rosa</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/stefano-de-rosa/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 14:23:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=leadership&#038;p=45748</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Stefano is an Associate chemical engineer at Hawkins in Rome, with expertise in complex fluids, combustion, and flame‑induced deformations process analysis.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/stefano-de-rosa/">Stefano De Rosa</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="45748" class="elementor elementor-45748" data-elementor-post-type="leadership">
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									<p>Stefano graduated with highest honours from the University of Napoli Federico II, where he earned both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in Chemical Engineering. He then pursued a PhD in the Engineering of Industrial Products and Processes, completing his thesis in Computational Fluid Dynamics in 2025.</p><div><p>During his doctoral studies, Stefano worked on a broad range of topics in fluid mechanics, including complex fluids, multiphase flows, combustion, and flame‑induced deformations, across various industrial applications. He modelled, solved, and analysed complex phenomena using diverse methodological approaches and process conditions, publishing his findings in peer‑reviewed journals.</p><p>After completing his PhD, Stefano spent a brief period as a researcher at Sorbonne University in Paris, where he had previously undertaken a six‑month visiting research placement during his doctoral programme, before progressing into a forensic engineering role.</p><p>Stefano joined Hawkins in February 2026 as an Associate based in our Rome office.</p></div>								</div>
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									<p><strong style="color: inherit; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-size ); letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-word-spacing ); background-color: initial;"><span style="color: #0a527a;">LANGUAGES</span></strong></p><p>Stefano is fluent in English, Italian, French and Spanish.</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/stefano-de-rosa/">Stefano De Rosa</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Hawkins Belfast Drinks Reception</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/events/hawkins-belfast-drinks-reception-2026/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kirsten Beckwith]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 12:11:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=event&#038;p=45717</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Hawkins invites clients and colleagues to a simulated case investigation in Belfast, followed by a networking reception with drinks, canapés and exhibits. </p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/hawkins-belfast-drinks-reception-2026/">Hawkins Belfast Drinks Reception</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="45717" class="elementor elementor-45717" data-elementor-post-type="event">
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									<h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">CPD Simulated Case Investigation &amp; Drinks Reception</span></h4>								</div>
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									<p>Hawkins are delighted to invite our clients and colleagues to our networking reception at <a href="https://www.themerchanthotel.com/">The Merchant Hotel</a> in Belfast.</p><p>Guests are invited to join us from 4:30 pm for a 5.00 pm start. We commence with a CILA accredited CPD presentation followed by a networking reception with drinks and canapes.</p>								</div>
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									<p>Join Forensic Investigators from Hawkins who will be presenting an immersive timeline of a multi-disciplinary investigation, from origin to recovery. There will also be an opportunity for our guests to examine real-life exhibits from our casework, and view photogrammetric models of exhibits and scenes.  Guests can also sign up to receive an exemplar report and model after the event.  </p>								</div>
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															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="242" height="300" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CILA-logo-centred-teal-242x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-45136" alt="" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CILA-logo-centred-teal-242x300.png 242w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CILA-logo-centred-teal-827x1024.png 827w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CILA-logo-centred-teal-768x951.png 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CILA-logo-centred-teal.png 888w" sizes="(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px" />															</div>
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									<p><a href="https://forms.office.com/e/9482qZwJnk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Register here</a> or use the button below.</p><p>We look forward to seeing you. If you have any questions, please feel free to <a href="mailto:hawkinsevents@hawkins.biz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">contact us</a>.</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/events/hawkins-belfast-drinks-reception-2026/">Hawkins Belfast Drinks Reception</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Welcome Tom Peat to Our New Abu Dhabi Office</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/news/new-abu-dhabi-office/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jan 2026 09:26:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=news&#038;p=44690</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>We are delighted to announce the continued expansion of Hawkins by welcoming Principal Associate, Dr Tom Peat, to our new Abu Dhabi office. </p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/new-abu-dhabi-office/">Welcome Tom Peat to Our New Abu Dhabi Office</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="44690" class="elementor elementor-44690" data-elementor-post-type="news">
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto">We are delighted to announce the continued expansion of Hawkins by welcoming Principal Associate, Dr </span><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/tom-peat/"><span data-contrast="auto">Tom Peat</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">, to our new Abu Dhabi office.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Tom graduated with an MEng in Aero-Mechanical Engineering from the University of Strathclyde in 2013, completing an international research project at the Universitat Politècnica de València in Spain. He began his career as a Supplier Quality Engineer at Jaguar Land Rover, where he worked on improving manufacturing processes and led investigations into material failures, developing solutions that enhanced production quality.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Driven by a passion for materials science, Tom went on to complete a PhD in Advanced Surface Engineering at Strathclyde, pioneering innovative techniques to create erosion-resistant composite surfaces. His research was published in leading academic journals and presented at international conferences.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Since joining Hawkins in 2017, Tom has investigated over 400 cases involving<a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/fire-explosions/"> fires, explosions</a>, <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/engineering/escapes-of-water-oil-gas/">escapes of fluid</a>, and <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/engineering/">engineering failures</a>. His work spans all scales of losses from domestic claims to multi-million-pound losses across the UK and internationally. Tom has produced expert reports for Pursuers and Defenders and has given expert evidence in the Sheriff Courts.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}"> </span><span style="background-color: initial;">Tom brings exceptional technical expertise and investigative experience to his new role leading our growing team in Abu Dhabi. </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Please join us in giving Tom a warm welcome as he embarks on this exciting new chapter.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6}"> </span></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/new-abu-dhabi-office/">Welcome Tom Peat to Our New Abu Dhabi Office</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Explosive Risk of Additive Manufacturing</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/insight/additive-manufacturing/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 09:09:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=insight&#038;p=38410</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>In this article Jason will discuss what Additive Manufacturing is, how it is used and the risk that comes with incorrect production and maintenance.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/insight/additive-manufacturing/">The Explosive Risk of Additive Manufacturing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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									<p><span class="TextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">As a fire investigator with Hawkins who has previously worked on developing </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">Additive Manufacturing (AM)</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8"> technologies </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">in research and in the</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8"> medical device industry, I am particularly interested in dust explosions linked to </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">AM.  </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">In this article, I will explore the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">risk of dust explosions i</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">n the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">AM</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8"> environment</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8"> and the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">current best practices for preventing </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW75935277 BCX8">them.</span></span><span class="EOP TrackedChange SCXW75935277 BCX8" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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									<h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">What Are Dust Explosions?</span></h4><p><span data-contrast="auto">So, what is a dust explosion?  Mr Rolf K Eckhoff states in his book “</span><i><span data-contrast="auto">Dust Explosions in the Process Industries</span></i><span data-contrast="auto">” that “</span><i><span data-contrast="auto">any solid material that can burn in air will do so with a violence and speed that increases with increasing degree of sub-division of the material</span></i><span data-contrast="auto">.” <a href="#Reference">¹ </a></span><span data-contrast="auto">As we all intrinsically know, if we are trying to start a fire in an open hearth or stove, we make kindling first, breaking a large piece of wood into smaller pieces rather than attempting to ignite a large log.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span> <span data-contrast="auto">By making kindling, we increase the surface area of the wood, increasing the degree of sub-division of the wood, enhancing the speed of combustion and reducing the energy requirement for ignition.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">A dust explosion can be defined as the rapid combustion of fine particles suspended in the air, often in an enclosed location. </span> <span data-contrast="auto">This type of explosion can occur when a dust cloud (an assembly of dust particles suspended in air) of the right concentration is exposed to an ignition source, such as a spark or flame.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> The “right” concentration here refers to somewhere between the upper and lower limit of the ratio between dust and air within the cloud that will support combustion, more on this later.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">In conventional fire investigation, we use the basic principle of the fire triangle, a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for all fires.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> It consists of three elements: heat (ignition source), fuel, and oxygen.  For a fire to ignite and sustain itself, all three components must be present.  For dust explosions, this triangle is extended to a pentagon to include the dispersion of dust particles (a dust cloud) and confinement.  For a dust explosion to occur, all five elements of this pentagon need to be present.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> Thus, similarly to our fire triangle, removing any one of these elements can prevent a dust explosion.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto">The term “ATEX” comes from the French “ATmosphères EXplosibles.”&nbsp; An ATEX environment refers to a workplace where there is a risk of explosive atmospheres due to the presence of flammable gases, vapours, or combustible dust mixed with air.</span><span data-contrast="auto">&nbsp;</span><span data-contrast="auto"> For some AM technologies, particularly those using powder as a raw material, the manufacturing floor is considered an ATEX environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">What then is </span><span data-contrast="auto">a</span><span data-contrast="auto"> combustible dust?&nbsp; Let’s take a small step back.</span><span data-contrast="auto">&nbsp;</span><span data-contrast="auto"> Dust explosions in general arise from a rapid release of heat produced during the chemical reaction of combustion:</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">fuel + oxygen = oxides + heat</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">This means that only combustible materials, ones that are not already stable oxides, can form dust clouds capable of explosion.</span><span data-contrast="auto">&nbsp;</span><span data-contrast="auto">As a </span><span data-contrast="auto">result,</span><span data-contrast="auto"> clouds of cement or fine sand will not give rise to a dust explosion.</span><span data-contrast="auto">&nbsp;</span><span data-contrast="auto"> If this wasn’t the case, sand storms would be a lot scarier. On the other hand, materials that can give</span><span data-contrast="auto"> rise to</span><span data-contrast="auto"> dust explosions include natural organic materials such as grain or sugar, synthetic organic material such as plastics, and even metals such as aluminium, magnesium or titanium.</span><span data-contrast="auto">&nbsp;</span><span data-contrast="auto"> When in a fine particle form, these materials are referred to as combustible dust.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}">&nbsp;</span></p>								</div>
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									<h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">Examples of Dust Explosions</span></h4><p><span data-contrast="auto">There are myriad examples of dust explosions throughout history involving diverse types of combustible dust and different ignition sources.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> One example involving the production of metallic powder was at an atomised aluminium powder production plant in Anglesey in 1983.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Mr Rolf K Eckhoff’s book “Dust Explosions in the Process Industries” describes the explosion as having swept through the entire plant.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Neither the ignition source nor the point of ignition was determined.  However, the extensive damage highlights the risk of dust explosions and the progression of the explosion from its point of ignition to the rest of the plant highlights the importance of managing intentional or unintentional dust accumulations in the manufacturing environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">A more recent incident involving metallic powder </span><span data-contrast="auto">happened </span><span data-contrast="auto">at a Woburn Massachusetts AM company on</span><span data-contrast="auto"> the</span><span data-contrast="auto"> 5</span><span data-contrast="auto">th</span><span data-contrast="auto"> November 2013.  A news release from the U.S. Department of Labour stated that the company failed to protect its workforce from the hazards of combustible metal powders like titanium and aluminium alloys.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Key issues included</span><span data-contrast="auto">;</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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											<span class="elementor-icon-list-icon">
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										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Failing to eliminate ignition sources</span>
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										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Not alerting the fire department to the additional risk</span>
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							<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.305" height="15.142" viewBox="0 0 8.305 15.142"><path id="Path_185" data-name="Path 185" d="M0,0,5.536,7.572,0,15.143H2.768L8.3,7.572,2.768,0Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#007aa3" opacity="0.998"></path></svg>						</span>
										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Using inappropriate equipment (not ATEX rated equipment)</span>
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							<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.305" height="15.142" viewBox="0 0 8.305 15.142"><path id="Path_185" data-name="Path 185" d="M0,0,5.536,7.572,0,15.143H2.768L8.3,7.572,2.768,0Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#007aa3" opacity="0.998"></path></svg>						</span>
										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Placing workstations near explosion-prone areas</span>
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									<h4 data-redactor-inserted-image="true"><span style="color: #0a527a;">Additive Manufacturing</span></h4><p><span data-contrast="auto">The case study allows me a convenient time to introduce AM. </span> <span data-contrast="auto">So, what is it? </span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Since its inception in 1981 by Dr Kodama of the Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute, many terms have been used to describe the process of creating a three-dimensional object directly from a numerical model by stacking two-dimensional layers.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> The most prevalent terms, in chronological order, are rapid prototyping, 3D printing, and additive manufacturing</span><span data-contrast="auto"> (AM)</span><span data-contrast="auto">.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Observing these terms in sequence provides insight into the technology&#8217;s development over the past four decades, evolving from a prototyping tool to a fully-fledged manufacturing process.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">AM has been at the forefront of innovation in various industries.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> It has revolutionised the aerospace sector by enabling the creation of components with intricate and organic shapes that were previously difficult or impossible to produce using traditional methods. </span> <span data-contrast="auto">This technology allows engineers to design components by placing material only where stress acts, thus allowing for more efficient use of material and making parts lighter, which is crucial for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in air travel. </span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">In the medical device industry, AM has facilitated advances in patient-specific implants, prosthetics, and surgical guides, where the device matches the patient’s specific anatomy. </span> <span data-contrast="auto">AM has also been used to create unique geometries that enhance the clinical benefits of devices, such as orthopaedic implants composed of fine lattices that promote osteointegration.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto">AM has undergone significant development since its initial use for prototyping.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> It has evolved into a multi-material, multi-scale manufacturing technology with numerous subsets.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">These subsets, although all categorised as AM, differ in the mechanisms by which they create the two-dimensional layers</span><span data-contrast="auto">, this can be done in the following ways</span><span data-contrast="auto">;</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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											<span class="elementor-icon-list-icon">
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										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Extrude molten thermoplastic from a heated nozzle</span>
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										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Use light, in the form of lasers or projections, to solidify liquid polymer resins</span>
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											<span class="elementor-icon-list-icon">
							<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.305" height="15.142" viewBox="0 0 8.305 15.142"><path id="Path_185" data-name="Path 185" d="M0,0,5.536,7.572,0,15.143H2.768L8.3,7.572,2.768,0Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#007aa3" opacity="0.998"></path></svg>						</span>
										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Deposit adhesives onto metal, polymer, or ceramic powders, creating a green body that must be sintered</span>
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											<span class="elementor-icon-list-icon">
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										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Melting powders by direct exposure to a laser, which, when resolidified, creates a solid mass of material</span>
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									<p><span class="TextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8">The raw material input for AM processes varies and can </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8">generally be</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8"> categorised as filaments, resins, or powders.</span></span> <span class="TextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW16468938 BCX8">This article will focus on powders, with a particular interest in managing these powders to ensure safe use.</span></span><span class="EOP TrackedChange SCXW16468938 BCX8" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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<h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">Risk and Prevention</span></h4>
<p>Now that we understand the basics, let us consider the risks of working in an ATEX environment on an AM manufacturing floor that utilises metallic powder as its raw material. The raw material, the powder, is loaded into the 3D printing system, either manually or automatically. This powder is often recycled from previous printing processes so may have already gone through a sieving process, or other pre-printing processes to ensure its suitability for use. Printing occurs and the parts are removed from the powder cake i.e. the mass of powder held within the printer that contains the printed parts. Part removal is often manual and involves extraction of unused powder. After printing, parts go onto secondary processes where they are further refined and unused powder is recycled further. I paint this simple picture of a common AM process to illustrate how much powder is handled during the printing process in an attempt to describe how difficult it is to contain this powder. Powder inevitably escapes the confinement of the various processes and enters the manufacturing environment where it builds up on surfaces and is extracted through air handling systems.</p>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="534" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin-1024x683.jpeg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-41619" alt="The 3D printing machine is making a model in a black resin with many different holes." srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AdobeStock_296961072_3dprinting-resin.jpeg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" />															</div>
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto">Let me pause this quickly and introduce the concept of primary and secondary explosions.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Dust explosions cannot occur unless the dust concentration within a cloud is within certain limits. Too much dust in a cloud and combustion will not occur due to lack of oxygen, too little dust in a cloud and combustion won’t occur due to lack of fuel.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> If we imagine disturbing a small pile of dust, this will rise and start to spread out in the surrounding air before settling back onto nearby surfaces.  At some point between dispersion and resettlement, the concentration of dust may be suitable for dust explosions.  This illustrates the danger of disturbing accumulated dust. </span><span data-contrast="auto">This is important to understand this mechanism as we consider primary and secondary explosions.  An initial dust explosion can disturb accumulated dust and generate a secondary dust cloud that can lead to secondary explosions. Depending on the volume of accumulated dust that is disturbed, this secondary explosion can be more severe than the primary.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">So how do we prevent risks of both primary and secondary explosions in an AM environment?</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto">Let&#8217;s reference back to the dust explosion pentagon and recall that if we remove one corner of the pentagon, a dust explosion will not occur.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="color: #0a527a;"><b>Oxygen</b></span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Oxygen is often removed locally at the AM process, selective laser sintering for example is often conducted under a forced argon environment.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> However, for obvious reasons, it is not practical or safe to remove oxygen from the wider manufacturing environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #0a527a;"><b>Ignition sources</b></span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">In a well-managed environment, ignition sources most commonly come in the form of a spark, either from mechanical impact possibly during tool use or from machinery, or the discharge of electricity, possibly an electric fault or from the build-up and discharge of static electricity.  However, they can come from any sufficient source of heat such as an open flame, from welding or grinding of metals, or from hot surfaces such as poorly maintained and overheated bearings.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> The probability of a spark from mechanical impact or an electric arc can be reduced through the use of ATEX-rated equipment, tools, and machinery. Earthing all equipment, installations and even personnel through specific PPE can reduce the build-up of static electricity and thus reduce the probability of electric discharge.  Equipment must be well maintained to reduce the probability of malfunction leading to hot surfaces or electric faults.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #0a527a;"><b>Fuel</b></span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto"> In general, the fuel is the powder material that is the input into the AM process. </span> <span data-contrast="auto">Thus, it is not possible to remove this element entirely.  However, some materials are more combustible than others, so, when possible, a less volatile material should be selected</span><span data-contrast="auto">. </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Additionally, regular cleaning and maintenance supported by sufficient air extraction can reduce the available fuel in an environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #0a527a;"><b>Dispersion</b></span><span data-contrast="auto"><span style="color: #0a527a;"> </span></span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Similarly to fuel, cleaning and maintenance supported by a sufficient air handling and extraction system will remove the fuel from the environment, reducing the risk of dispersion.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #0a527a;"><strong>C</strong><b>ontainment</b></span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">The removal of containment from the pentagon is not practically possible.  This would involve running the manufacturing process outdoors.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-contrast="auto"> Furthermore, reducing containment by placing the manufacturing process in a large open-plan space would be difficult too, as the whole space would be subject to the same stringent cleaning and maintenance, as well as the same equipment and ways of working protocols suitable for an ATEX environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">In review, the most practical way of reducing the risk of a dust explosion in an AM environment is to reduce the likelihood of ignition and, in parallel, reduce the build-up of fuel in the environment.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b973a16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b973a16" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<section class="has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b051e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5b051e9" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68e6efb" data-id="68e6efb" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-925c64b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="925c64b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">Relevant Standards and Regulations</span></h4><p><span data-contrast="auto">ISO/ASTM 52931, titled “Additive manufacturing of metals — Environment, health and safety &#8211; General principles for use of metallic materials,” addresses fire and explosion risks in AM environments using metallic powder. It mandates avoiding all ignition sources, including static discharge, hot surfaces, open flames, and live circuitry. Measures to limit static discharge include using grounded antistatic equipment, surfaces, floors, garments, and grounding personnel. Controls must prevent powder from escaping the AM system, with air handling systems capturing powder and minimising atmospheric exposure, and workspaces designed for cleanability.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">The Health and Safety Authority of Ireland&#8217;s “Guide to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 Part 8: Explosive Atmospheres at Places of Work” <a href="#Reference">²</a> requires employers to take technical and organisational measures to prevent explosive atmospheres or avoid ignition, including electrostatic discharges.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Both documents conclude that to reduce dust explosion risks, all ignition sources must be removed, and dust must be contained and minimised to stay below the lower limit of concentration.  This is the same conclusion we arrived on after our interrogation of the pentagon. </span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></section>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2608ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="2608ee7" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<section class="has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b051e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5b051e9" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68e6efb" data-id="68e6efb" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-925c64b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="925c64b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">Risk of Maintenance</span></h4><p><span class="TextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Regular maintenance and well-considered work practices are key to mitigating against dust explosions</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">.  </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">However, as discussed by my </span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRest CommentHighlightRest SCXW172958246 BCX8">colleague Mr Nick Ashby in his recent insight article “The Perils of Maintenance</span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentHighlightRest SCXW172958246 BCX8">,</span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRest SCXW172958246 BCX8">”</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8"> it is often during maintenance, especially unplanned, that many accidents occur</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">.  </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Stepping away from the day-to-day ways of working to conduct maintenance can lead to an increased risk of dust explosions</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Dust that may have been hidden from cleaners can be disturbed when equipment is moved, increasing the fuel load in the atmosphere</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Furthermore, the use of tools that </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">aren’t</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8"> designed for an ATEX environment; conventional hammers may produce a spark when struck </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">off </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">a hard surface</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">, however, specialised bronze-headed hammers will not. A more obvious ignition source is introduced if hot works are </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">required</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Nonetheless, not conducting maintenance also increases risk</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">Thus, the perilous task of maintenance must</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">be conducted</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">,</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">but also </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW172958246 BCX8">de-risked through well-considered risk assessments and ways of working that fully consider the unique requirements of an ATEX environment.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW172958246 BCX8" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></section>								</div>
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									<section class="has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b051e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5b051e9" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68e6efb" data-id="68e6efb" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-925c64b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="925c64b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">Conclusion</span></h4><p><span class="TextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">In conclusion, while AM technology offers </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">numerous</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8"> benefits, it also presents </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">additional</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">risks such as dust explosions.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">Adhering to safety standards, conducting regular maintenance, and ensuring fully trained workers are essential to mitigating these risks</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8"> and</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8"> balancing innovation and safety in</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8"> the exciting world of </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW43566455 BCX8">AM.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW43566455 BCX8" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></section>								</div>
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									<section class="has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b051e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5b051e9" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68e6efb" data-id="68e6efb" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-925c64b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="925c64b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4><span style="color: #0a527a;">About The Author</span></h4><p><span class="TextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8"><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/jason-atkinson/">Jason</a> join</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">ed</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8"> Hawkins in April 2024, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">he has </span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRest CommentHighlightRest SCXW137033016 BCX8">lead fire</span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentHighlightRest SCXW137033016 BCX8"> investigations </span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRest SCXW137033016 BCX8">in domestic, industrial</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">,</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8"> and commercial environments</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">Jason is an accomplished Materials Engineer with a strong background in </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">A</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">dditive </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">M</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">anufacturing. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">He graduated with </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">First</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">Class Honours and conducted research on optimi</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">ing projection stereolithography additive manufacturing, focusing on the relationships between process parameters, material structure, and mechanical properties.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">Jason has experience supporting production and optimi</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">ing manufacturing processes, including laser welding, cutting, and marking.</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">His </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">expertise</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8"> extends to developing </span></span><span class="ContentControl SCXW137033016 BCX8" role="group" aria-label="Rich text content control"><span class="ContentControlBoundarySink SCXW137033016 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto">​</span><span class="FieldRange SCXW137033016 BCX8"><span class="TextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">(Eckhoff, 1997)</span></span></span><span class="ContentControlBoundarySink SCXW137033016 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto">​</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8" lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW137033016 BCX8">additive manufacturing processes for medical implants and instruments, working with materials like PEEK, nylon, and titanium.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW137033016 BCX8" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}"> </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></section>								</div>
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto"></span><span data-contrast="auto"></span><span data-contrast="auto">Eckhoff, R. K. (1997). </span><i><span data-contrast="auto">Dust explosions in the process industries.</span></i><span data-contrast="auto"> Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto"></span><span data-contrast="auto">Occupational Safety &amp; Health Administration. (2014, May 20). </span><i><span data-contrast="auto">OSHA News Release: After explosion, US Department of Labor&#8217;s OSHA cites 3-D printing firm for exposing workers to combustible metal powder, electrical hazards [05/20/2014]</span></i><span data-contrast="auto">.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/osha/osha20140520-2</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}">&nbsp;</span></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/insight/additive-manufacturing/">The Explosive Risk of Additive Manufacturing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Hawkins Experts Host Forensic Fun Day</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/news/forensic-fun-day/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Chloe Duggan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 12:39:38 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=news&#038;p=44653</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Hawkins experts hosted an immersive forensic fun day, attended by graduates and professionals from leading insurance companies.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/forensic-fun-day/">Hawkins Experts Host Forensic Fun Day</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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									<p>It was a pleasure to host an immersive forensic fun day at our London office, attended by graduates and professionals from leading insurance companies including Ecclesiastical, Hiscox, RSA, Chubb, Brit Insurance, AIG, Intact, and Crawfords. Guests explored the world of forensic investigation through a series of interactive activities that demonstrated how Hawkins experts approach incidents to determine root causes. These sessions provided valuable insight into the science and techniques behind our investigations, highlighting the depth of analysis and expertise that supports insurers in resolving complex claims.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353-1024x768.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-44660" alt="CrawCo Fun day 2025" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0353.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" />															</div>
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									<p>A highlight of the day was a hands-on demonstration of our <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/hawkins-adds-five-top-of-the-range-hirox-microscopes-to-its-laboratories/">Hirox RX-100 digital</a> microscope, led by Materials Engineer <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/caroline-okeeffe/">Caroline O’Keeffe</a>. She used the microscope to examine wiring damage in detail, ultimately revealing evidence of rodent activity. Caroline explained how this high-resolution imaging technology plays a vital role in forensic investigations, enabling our experts to analyse minute surface features, tool marks, and trace evidence that are invisible to the naked eye. The demonstration highlighted the precision and depth of analysis our advanced tools provide, giving guests a real insight into the science behind our investigations.</p>								</div>
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										<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="540" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-1-1024x691.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-44664" alt="Caroline O&#039;Keeffe Demonstrating the Hirox at a forensic fun day" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-1-1024x691.jpg 1024w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-1-300x202.jpg 300w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-1-768x518.jpg 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-1.jpg 1144w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" />											<figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Caroline O'Keeffe demonstrating wiring detail on our Hirox RX-100 digital microscope</figcaption>
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									<p><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/gareth-dobinson/">Gareth Dobinson</a>, Principal Associate and Regional Manager of our London office, delivered a practical demonstration on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/engineering/escapes-of-water-oil-gas/">escapes of water</a>, an area that often presents complex challenges in forensic investigation. Gareth explained how installation practices leave subtle traces behind, clues that help investigators determine whether systems were installed correctly and identify potential failure points. He highlighted how joint markings and other physical evidence can reveal critical insights into workmanship and the root causes of leaks. The session gave guests a first hand look at the methods and expertise used to analyse water-related incidents and prevent future failures.</p>								</div>
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										<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="648" height="370" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-44661" alt="Gareth demonstrating escapes of water investigations at a forensic funday" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design.jpg 648w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Untitled-design-300x171.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px" />											<figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Gareth Dobinson delivering his demonstration on escapes of water investigations</figcaption>
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									<p>Fire Investigation expert <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/helen-rosser/">Helen Rosser</a> led a popular fire investigation exercise. Guests were presented with a realistic reconstruction of a fire-damaged socket setup and tasked with determining the cause of a simulated <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/fire-explosions/white-goods-appliance-fires/">electrical fire</a>. By examining witness marks representing smoke and charring, and testing plug fuses, participants worked to identify which of five household appliances was responsible. The session offered an insight into how <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/fire-explosions/">fire investigators</a> analyse physical evidence to reconstruct events and pinpoint the origin of a fire.</p>								</div>
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										<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="1024" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0344-768x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-44665" alt="Helen Rosser demonstrating an electrical fire investigation" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0344-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0344-225x300.jpg 225w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0344-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0344.jpg 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" />											<figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Helen Rosser leading participants through a electrical fire investigation exercise</figcaption>
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									<p><a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/road-traffic-collisions/">Road Traffic Collision</a> Expert <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/ross-clarke/">Ross Clarke</a> presented insights from our RTC team, while <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/cyber-digital-technology/digital-forensics/">Digital Forensics and Photogrammetry</a> expert <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/inigo-beckett/">Inigo Beckett</a> presented our 3D modelling capabilities for scene reconstruction using virtual reality. They took guests through the role of <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/forensic-investigation/cyber-digital-technology/video-analysis/">CCTV analysis</a> in RTC investigations, including methods for recovering and preserving recordings, and techniques to verify authenticity using hash numbers and metadata.</p>								</div>
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										<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="1024" src="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0349-768x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-44666" alt="Ross CLarke giving a presentation about our RTC capabilities" srcset="https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0349-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0349-225x300.jpg 225w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0349-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://www.hawkins.biz/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IMG_0349.jpg 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" />											<figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Ross Clarke delivering a presentation highlighting our RTC expertise</figcaption>
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									<p>Delegates had the opportunity to create plumbing joints, assess wiring systems, and experience 3D imagery of fire scenes on our VR headset, gaining a fully immersive view of forensic techniques at Hawkins. One guest commented:</p><p>“<em>I had such an amazing experience. The staff were so friendly and the activities they planned were very informative and unique. I really enjoyed it. The activities ranged from working with VR headsets to see burnt buildings, being shown microscopes and their uses, a plumbing pipe exercise and investigating a cause of fire with plug sockets</em>.” </p><p>Please <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/contact/">get in touch</a> if you would like to attend a forensic fun day or if you have an incident for us to investigate.</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/news/forensic-fun-day/">Hawkins Experts Host Forensic Fun Day</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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		<title>Andrea Veronese</title>
		<link>https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/andrea-veronese-uk/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Lorraine]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 10:19:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.hawkins.biz/?post_type=leadership&#038;p=43495</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Andrea is a Materials Engineer with particular expertise in glass &#038; ceramics. He is an Associate based in our Cambridge office. </p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/andrea-veronese-uk/">Andrea Veronese</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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									<p><span data-contrast="auto">Originally from Italy, Andrea completed a MSci degree in Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge, undertaking short research projects on 3D-printed alloys and battery manufacturing during his studies.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335559739&quot;:0}"> </span></p><p><span data-contrast="auto">In 2021, </span>he began his doctoral research within the Energy Materials Group at the University of St Andrews<span data-contrast="auto">, focussing on ceramic processing and waste pyrolysis. He gained experience in high-temperature solid-state chemistry, combustion, gasifier operation and the fabrication of glass-ceramic components. Andrea is a member of the Institute of Materials Minerals and Mining and completed the Corrosion Science and Engineering MOOC from the University of Manchester.</span><span data-ccp-props="{&quot;335559739&quot;:0}"> </span></p><div>Andrea has taken part in a range of industrial visits, including a pilot battery manufacturing line, a chromatography column production facility, a technical ceramics manufacturing site, and various machining workshops.</div><div> </div><div><span style="background-color: initial;" data-contrast="auto">Andrea joined Hawkins in October 2023 as Associate based in our Cambridge office.</span><span style="background-color: initial;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;335559739&quot;:0}"> </span></div>								</div>
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									<p><strong style="color: inherit; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-font-size ); letter-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-letter-spacing ); word-spacing: var( --e-global-typography-00b086a-word-spacing ); background-color: initial;"><span style="color: #0a527a;">LANGUAGES</span></strong></p><p>Andrea is fluent in English and Italian and has limited working proficiency in German.</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz/our-experts/andrea-veronese-uk/">Andrea Veronese</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.hawkins.biz">Hawkins Forensic Investigation</a>.</p>
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